Enhanced Oil Recovery
Going After What Water Leaves
After a waterflood most of the oil is still underground: trapped as residual oil where the water swept, and bypassed where it did not. Enhanced (tertiary) recovery attacks both losses.
The Mechanisms
Mobility control, such as polymer, thickens the injected water to improve the sweep. Lowering interfacial tension, with surfactant or a miscible gas like CO2, frees the trapped residual oil to improve the displacement. Thermal methods such as steam cut the oil viscosity for heavy oil. Each lever lifts one factor of the recovery product.
The Increment Has to Pay
The prize is the increment over the waterflood, and it must cover the cost of the injected chemicals or gas. Enhanced recovery is screened against the oil price, the reservoir quality, and the residual-oil target before a barrel of solvent is bought.