Newton Convergence and Material Balance
Solving the Nonlinear Step
A fully implicit step is a nonlinear system. Newton iteration linearizes the equations, solves, and updates, driving the residual toward zero.
Quadratic Convergence and Its Limit
Near the solution the residual roughly squares each pass, the signature of quadratic convergence, so a few iterations suffice. But a timestep too large leaves the first guess outside the convergence radius and Newton diverges; the simulator then cuts the step and retries.
Material Balance
A separate global check, the material-balance error, confirms the converged step neither created nor lost mass. A drifting material balance is a red flag even when Newton reports convergence.